For all experiments, male and female mice were used in balanced ratios; mice were 2 7 months old for behavior experiments and 3 11 months old for bioluminescence recordings and age-matched across groups, except for FR (males only were used for behavior experiments), where mice were 1.9 3.6 months old at the start of the experiment.
For behavior experiments, 13 zebra finches were used (data for two birds were excluded due to incorrect probe placement).
Although addition of ey-GAL80 greatly reduces background expression of the c316-GAL4 inserthese these flies were less healthy than other lines and thus were only used for functional imaging, but not generally for behavior experiments.
For behavior experiments, we used wild-type D. melanogaster, 3- to 6-day-old posteclosion females.
Fluorescent lights (300 600 lux inside the cage) were used for behavior experiments.
For behavior experiments, fly responses to 5% apple cider vinegar were measured.
We used 3 different pulse widths: 0.2, 0.5, and 1 s, all of them with the same intensity used for behavior experiments (1.9 W/m).
Adult fish were fed a mixture diet of black worms to satiation twice daily at ZT2 and ZT12 (California Blackworm Co., Fresno, CA, USA) and standard fish food during periods when fish were not being used for behavior experiments or breeding (Tetramine Pro, Tetra, Blacksburg, VA, USA).
Fish were housed in the University of Nevada-Reno core facility with 21°C ± 0.5°C water temperature for rearing and behavior experiments and 23°C ± 0.5°C water temperature for breeding.
Because of hydrogen isotope interactions with carbon, Ni crucibles were selected for Flibe/tritium behavior experiments.
