The Copernican revolution marked the beginnings of modern science.
But there is a second sense of "information", arising from electrical engineering, and the beginnings of computer science, in which it is entirely measurable, and can be broken into discrete chunks.
Not long ago, for instance, I wrote an essay about the great Galileo, and the beginnings of modern science.
Of course, the real story is more complicated (interested readers should see David Lindberg's The Beginnings of Western Science).
Nearly a century after the beginnings of modern science, Vico, inspired by Neoplatonism, explicitly rejected the principle of inertia and the laws of motion of the new physics.
While empirical investigations have been described by many since the time of Aristotle and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages, the beginnings of modern science are generally accepted to have originated during the 'scientific revolution' of the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe.
Behaviorism of one sort or another was an immensely popular research program or methodological commitment among students of behavior from about the second decade of the twentieth century through its middle decade, at least until the beginnings of the cognitive science revolution (see Bechtel, Abrahamsen, and Graham, 1998, pp. 15 17).
While the concept of an intelligence in the natural order goes back at least to the beginnings of philosophy and science, the concept of a designer of the natural world, or a creating intelligence which has human-like purposes, appears to have begun with classical philosophy.
This development also coincided with the beginnings of acoustics as a science.
