The segmentation process in Drosophila occurs in multiple stages, beginning with the expression of gap, pair-rule and segment polarity genes [25].
XCI begins with the expression of XIST and stabilization of its noncoding RNA transcript in cis, along the X chromosome that is destined for inactivation [3], [4].
An empirical approach, distinct from eqs 6.12a– 6.12c, begins with the expression of the A n B (n = 1, 2) bond energy using the BEBO method as − V n b n p n, where b n is the bond order, − V n is the bond energy when b n = 1, and p n is generally quite close to unity.
In mammals, male determination begins with the expression of Sry (Sex-determining region on Y), which suppresses ovarian promoting genes and turns on Sox9 (Sry-box 9) as part of the testis-determining cascade leading to the activation of doublesex/ MAB-3 related transcription factor 1 (Dmrt1) and differentiation of Sertoli cells (Veitia 2010).
Following the original development by Stefanou et al. [40, 43], we begin with the general expression for spherical wave expansion given in equation (6) for a two-dimensional (2D) periodic array of spheres.
In his 1872 study of the muscular control of smiles and frowns, Charles Darwin found that facial expression tends to begin with the muscles on the left side of the face; the final, overall emotional expression also tends to be accentuated on the left side, he noted.
This cascade begins with the transient expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) and C/EBPδ which activate C/EBPα and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ).
The current model for adipogenesis begins with the increased expression of C/EBPβ, presumably through transcriptional activation by cAMP-response element-binding protein, Kruppel-like factor 4, early growth response protein 2, and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Hou et al. 2012).
We shall begin with the most basic and familiar, "co-expression".
