Generally for time-motion studies, an observer codes activities performed by a participant according to categories prepared beforehand based on a pilot study, to ensure the inter-observer reliability and the category's comprehensiveness.
These risks or hazards fall into the four categories of "known beforehand and relatively easily addressed", "known beforehand and not easily addressed", "not known beforehand and relatively easily addressed", and "not known beforehand and not easily addressed".
Clustering and classification are related concepts, but in the case of classification, the categories are known beforehand, whereas in case of clustering, usually the categories are understood after applying a clustering algorithm.
Conventional in the sense that categories were not decided beforehand, but derived from the data.
Each participating centre states on beforehand which radiation strategy they follow for which patient categories.
Tertiles were analyzed as nominal categories, that is, we did not assume beforehand monotonic relationships between nutrient intakes and outcome measure.
We then apply linear multi-class SVMs to classify the global feature to one category of species, assuming SVMs are trained beforehand using training data.
The partitioning of categories into work and non-work stressors was decided beforehand, which also contributed to a more directed approach of content analysis.
In three-and-a-half hours, the awards broadcast handed out only 10 awards; the other 100 categories filled a three-hour pretelecast ceremony that was Webcast beforehand (and can be seen at grammy.com).com
At just $35, Chromecast became one of the fastest-selling devices in a category that hadn't really had a clear winner beforehand.
Participants were informed of this distinction beforehand and our procedure ensured that participants were always aware to which category the face being presented belonged.
