Before that they were designed strictly by engineers, and they were ugly.
That could be anything from the Dakota (1884) to 998 Fifth Avenue (1912), in part because they were designed before experience taught developers how to cut corners.
However, since they were designed before the re-discovery of Ajax, and JavaScript technology was not mature enough to visualize large scientific data sets at the time, developers could not predict the success of JavaScript and related web technologies today.
Structural Suggestions: For this argument: "However, since they were designed before the re-discovery of Ajax, developers could not predict the success of JavaScript and related web technologies today".
I'd designed new programs before, but they hadn't been designed with people, they were designed for them.
Before gunpowder, weapons were designed around the limits of their users' muscular strength; after gunpowder, they were designed more in response to tactical demand.
The authors interrogate what scenario exercises are in actual practice, in the context of what they are used for and how they are designed, before then considering the criteria for determining 'success' for a scenario exercise.
They are designed for overcrowding before they dig the first foundations; that to us is ridiculous.
They were involved before any plans were designed, which is reflected in a building with such things as a close relationship between indoor and outdoor spaces, to make outdoor teaching easier.
Before they came along, grants were designed as best-effort "contracts".
