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Before the second stimulus there was an intravenous injection of a rapid and potent opioid drug.
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What he found is that the brain stalls fractionally before responding to the second stimulus.
Kanai and Verstraten (2006) have shown in a perceptual memory paradigm employing ambiguous motion that if attention is distracted during the presentation of the first stimulus or even in the blank period before the presentation of the second stimulus, perceptual stabilization fails.
On the other hand, when the first stimulus in a pair was congruent with the target category (e.g., a word), participants needed to sustain their attention in order to successfully process the second stimulus before making a decision (hold condition).
This was followed by a further 2 s delay before the first stimulus appeared.
We noted that the difference did not arise from the reduced response for the first tone-pairing, because the effect was largest at 2 min time point (*a), which was before the first stimulus, and there was no difference in the immediate responses after each foot shock.
The branches were sorted into "high-frequency baseline" and "low frequency baseline" by their spontaneous activity, measured by the average spontaneous activity from three individual seconds of recording, selected at random, before the first stimulus was delivered.
All datasets were baseline corrected (-250 to 0 ms before the first stimulus) and filtered with a band-pass filter of 0.01 40 Hz. Figure 7A shows the overlay of the recordings of all 37 channels in an individual participant.
For the calculation of the half-width, kurtosis and ratio of the maximum among the responses to the apex stimuli to the overall maximum response (see below), we subtracted the mean spontaneous firing rate in the 500-ms period immediately before the first stimulus onset from the responses.
The significance of the response to each stimulus in each cell was examined by comparing the mean firing rate in the window from 80 to 580 ms after the onset of the first stimulus with the mean spontaneous firing rate averaged over the 500-ms period immediately before the first stimulus onset by paired t-test.
Data in Figure 2 are shown as the fractional change in fluorescent light intensity, (F– F0)/ F0, where F is the fluorescent light intensity at each point and F0 is the value for the emitted fluorescent light at the start of each CCD camera movie before the first stimulus application.
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