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Treatment with antimicrobial drugs before specimens were obtained was reported by 19% of the patients.
This is because people who were infected with sensitive organisms but received antimicrobials before specimens were obtained, will no longer have sensitive organisms in their specimen and will not be eligible as controls, so the prevalence of prior antimicrobial use in controls will be artificially low [ 27].
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Immediately before colposcopy, cervical specimens were obtained in PreservCyt transport medium.
Before treatment, biopsy specimens were obtained from cutaneous or nasal/oralpharyngix lesions of ATL patients, and from healthy tissues during plastic surgery (for cutaneous tissue, n = 8) or tonsil or nasal septum surgeries (for mucosal tissues, n = 7).
In addition, before starting antibiotics, diagnostic specimens were obtained using either bronchoalveolar lavage with quantitative cultures or standard endotracheal aspirates.
All cancer specimens were obtained before chemotherapy.
Tumor biopsy specimens were obtained before neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Diagnoses were confirmed by pathology and serum specimens were obtained before treatment.
Blood specimens were obtained before surgery and on the second and the seventh postoperative days.
Tumour specimens were obtained before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy by means of endoscopic biopsy and surgical gastrectomy, respectively.
Peripheral vein blood samples and urine specimens were obtained before surgery (T0), at the end of surgery (T1), and 24 (T2), 48 (T3), and 72 hours (T4) after surgery.
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