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Furthermore, transmission to humans may have occurred several months before recognition of the current outbreak.
The prolonged period between HIV infection and symptomatic AIDS, ≈11 years in adults, allowed widespread HIV transmission before recognition of the epidemic and any prevention attempts.
Before recognition of the outbreak, confirmed invasive infections caused by Candida species were rare in the unit: there were four blood culture positive patients with C. albicans and one patient with C. krusei during 2000 200404.
Since the majority of the cases in this study occurred before recognition of the hypervirulent BI/NAP1/027 epidemic strain, it is unknown whether these findings can be generalized to the current epidemic.
Before recognition of the pandemic H5N1 threat, national surveillance efforts were fragmented into a few vertical programs in addition to a routine reporting system based on clinical presumptive diagnoses.
A total of eight animals were used at the earlier stages of the model development during preliminary animal testing before recognition of the final arrangement for tibial plating (Table I).
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The number of women who drink alcohol early in the first trimester before recognition of pregnancy is likely to be even higher.
The data presented here from active influenza A virus surveillance among exhibition swine, initiated before recognition of cases of subtype H3N2v virus infection, made Ohio uniquely able to investigate the subtype H3N2v virus outbreaks of 2012.
Organochlorine pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were widely used before recognition of their toxicity and persistence.
Conserved side chains involved in proton binding should be accessible, as proton binding is predicted to occur before recognition of peptide (Sala-Rabanal et al, 2008).
Vice versa, antibiotic administration before recognition of shock was associated with a lower mortality as compared with antibiotic administration after recognition of shock (odds ratio = 2.35, 95% confidence interval = 1.12 to 4.53) [ 5].
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