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Corruption was rife even before liberalisation: the Bofors scandal in the 1980s brought down the government.
Most of the poorest countries' economies have still fared badly, some of them even worse than before liberalisation.
And detailed data linking inputs to final goods showed that the imports led to an explosion in the variety of products made by Indian manufacturers; the average firm made 1.4 products before liberalisation, but by 2003, this had increased to 2.3.
Before liberalisation, the functions were organised according to a hierarchical type of institutional coordination (monopoly).
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There was a lot less private sector debt before the liberalisation of financial markets in the 1970s and 1980s.
Before the liberalisation that began in 1991 firms faced the "licence-permit Raj", a regime of rules and quotas that was more easily navigated with the help of carefully deployed smallish bribes.
Their campaign is tinged with nostalgia for a golden age before economic liberalisation when government was, in their view, clean and decent.In this section Going, going… How to avoid a double dip The cartel problem No modern-day Mahatma Let them come ReprintsThis is a dangerous misdiagnosis.
Yet APEC's motley bunch had no common proposals of their own for giving momentum to trade liberalisation before the crucial World Trade Organisation (WTO) talks due in December.
In Soviet times, Kadyrov studied farming and building, before devoting himself to religion during the liberalisation years of Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid-1980s.
Foreign NGOs could operate in China only under strict conditions.It was a rigid regime, but it actually represented a liberalisation compared with what went before.
He said Blair's early years – before he became an advocate of global liberalisation – should seen as part of the Labour tradition, including his support for morality, family, nation, and the common good.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com