Exact(60)
14C dates of the lower Bs horizons indicate that podzolisation started soon after the sand was deposited, so some parent materials had been leached before deposition.
However, material sampled through surficial deposits may exhibit an inherited component resulting from exposure to cosmic rays before deposition.
The electrolyte was dried and ultrasonicated just before deposition.
Before deposition, the glass substrates were ultrasonically cleaned sequentially with acetone, alcohol, and deionized water.
Before deposition, the reaction chamber was pumped down from 1 to 2 Torr.
The final diluted suspension with CTAB was ultrasonicated for 30 min each time before deposition.
The base pressure was pumped down to 5.0 × 10-4 Pa before deposition.
Samples were allowed to equilibrate for 1 h before deposition began.
Again, the substrates were rinsed ultrasonically with DDW before deposition of thin films.
The pH value of the solution was around 1.8 before deposition.
The sputtering chamber pressure was reduced to 8×× 10−5 Pa before deposition.
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