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An Arab astronomer, Ibn al-Shatir, spelled out the theory of planetary motion 150 years before Copernicus.
Scholarly thought about the universe in the centuries before Copernicus was largely dominated by the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle.
There were many steps to be taken before Copernicus had any chance of persuading his peers, not to mention the public, of his radical ideas of the cosmos.
Indeed, before Copernicus and Kepler stretched the sidereal canvas, lists were the logical means of representing the analogical, immutable and hierarchical universe.
For 1,400 years before Copernicus, astronomers used the work of Claudius Ptolemy (who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, during the 2nd century) as the basis for their calculations.
Before Copernicus, astronomers had tried to account for the observed motions of heavenly bodies by imagining that they rotated on crystal spheres centred on the Earth.
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That was a long time ago, even before Ben Franklin or Copernicus.
Shortly before his death, Copernicus himself contributed to the ferment with the opening manifesto of an eventual scientific revolution.
First printed in 1483, the Alfonsine Tables were an important source of information for the young Nicolaus Copernicus before his own work superseded them in the 1550s.
In 1500 Copernicus spoke before an interested audience in Rome on mathematical subjects, but the exact content of his lectures is unknown.
The impact occurred following the creation of the ray crater Copernicus, but before the appearance of Tycho.
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