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cDaily use of folic acid during the month before conception through the first month of pregnancy.
Exposure to PAHs was assigned by industrial hygienist consensus, based on self-reported maternal occupational histories from 1 month before conception through the third month of pregnancy.
The researchers assessed timing and extent of pesticide applications within 1.75 km of each mother's residence from 3 months before conception through the time of delivery.
The NBDPS CATI includes occupation-related questions for jobs held for at least 1 month from 3 months before conception through the end of pregnancy.
Logistic regression was used to determine the association between estimated occupational PAH exposure and gastroschisis among children whose mothers were employed for at least 1 month during the month before conception through the third month of pregnancy.
When results were stratified on maternal smoking, the association was stronger among nonsmoking mothers than among those who smoked at any time during the month before conception through the third month of pregnancy (Table 3).
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Residential histories were collected for the period 3 months before conception through pregnancy, including the month/year that the mother started and stopped living in each location.
Three time windows were of special interest: the period leading up to and covering central nervous system embryogenesis (1 week before conception through 7 weeks after), the period leading up to and covering neural tube development (4 days before conception through 24 days after) and overall gestation (2 weeks before conception through birth).
"We need to focus earlier on in the life cycle to influence nutrition and other choices, from before conception through to pre-school".
Water samples taken during the actual dates of residence during 1 month before conception (B1) through the end of the third month of pregnancy (P3) were given the highest priority for inclusion and averaged if more than one sample result was available.
Salter (1995) sought to clarify the applied science conception through the application of Kuhn's conception of science.
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