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A volume of CSF equivalent to the dead volume (∼0.15 ml) was removed and discarded before collection of each sample, which was visually inspected for blood contamination.
Before collection of each tissue sample, stainless-steel dissection instruments were rinsed in 10% hydrochloric acid and deionized water to reduce cross-contamination with Hg.
The catheter was maintained with a heparinised (Heparin 5000 i.u./ml; Fresenius, Port Elizabeth, South Africa) saline flush and 1 2 ml of blood was discarded before collection of each sample.
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Before collection of sputum samples; each symptomatic survey participant also underwent an in-depth questionnaire.
Hospital staff trained in the study protocols explained the study and obtained consent before collection of data, and collected blood samples from mothers at time of delivery.
Informed, written consent was obtained from each individual before collection of spectra.
Immediately before collection of skin samples, cytological examination of skin at planned collection sites was performed for each dog with AD; bacteria and fungi were not detected.
Before collection of water in a particular bottle, the bottle is rinsed thoroughly with the respective samples of the groundwater.
Before collection of the DRIFT spectrum, nitrogen was purged through the beam path at 14 L min−1 (NTP).
Then, these bottles were dried in sun light and kept in oven at 60 °C for 12 h, cooled to room temperature, recapped, and labeled before collection of samples.
The tap was allowed to run for few minutes; the container was rinsed three times with greywater before collection of the final sample.
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