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A total of 29 bees were trained with lemon sugar and vanilla.
Half of the bees were trained with HKS 8N (orange to humans) and the other half with HKS 54N (green to humans).
A subset of bees was also tested for memory retention and extinction on day 3 (Fig. 1C, right), i.e. two days after bees were trained with the 6 CS-US pairings on day 1 (Fig. 1C, left).
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A group of 30 bees was trained with the first of the complex mixtures, composed of 14 odorants (Table 2).
Each bee was trained with its particular CS+ vs. CS− combination for 15 trials.
After the bees were trained, the researchers replaced the feeders with empty unscented ones and blew one of the scents into the hive.
Using sugar water as a reward, half the bees were trained to associate an oval disc with reward and the remaining bees were trained to associate the circular disc with a reward.
Bees were trained as above four times over two days with the mixture, and then tested with the three single odorants (unrewarded) and an unrewarded control odorant (myrcene), interspersed by rewarded training trials with the mixture.
The bees were trained to solve a basic DMTS task with a set of patterns containing two and three blue dots that were the same as used in the previous training (Fig. 2a), and were then, after they had reached a high plateau, tested on new patterns with randomised two and three dot configurations.
Using the classical conditioning of the PER, bees were trained to associate an odor (CS, carnation oil) with a sucrose reward (US, 30% sucrose in H2O).
Nurse bees were trained to a conditioned stimulus (CS) — an odour — which was associated with a sucrose reward (unconditioned stimulus, US).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com