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Honey bees from the high- and low-pollen-hoarding strains [9] were maintained at Arizona State University and at the University of California, Davis, US.
We held constant the quantity of pollen in colonies and measured the effects of larvae on foraging behavior and foraging age of identified cohorts of bees from the high and low strains.
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Multiple comparisons showed that the treatment effect was strong in bees from the high-strain and was not significant in low-strain and wild-type bees (high strain, F1,486 = 19.129, p < 0.0001, n = 488).
The bees used in this study were derived from the high and low pollen-hoarding strains of Page and Fondrk (1995) and from commercial colonies of wild-type bees that were used as reference points for comparisons between bees of the high and low strains.
Bees that received the high eβ dose of 10 Leq/bee had significantly fewer developing oocytes than bees in the control group or receiving the low dose of 1 Leq/bee (t > 4.40, p < 0.001).
In addition, hypopharyngeal glands of bees from the control group had significantly higher protein concentrations than infected groups.
Workers from the high and low pollen-hoarding strains and wild-type bees were co-fostered in colonies with either brood or no brood.
Varroa-infested bees had the highest levels of DWV compared to control bees and higher levels of Deformed wing virus than Nosema-infected bees.
When Africanized Honey Bees compete with other species of honey bees for flowers, the Africanized bees may displace the other bees from the food sources.
This protects the bees from the virulent parasite Crithidia bombi, and therefore gives these bees a selective advantage over other bees that don't share bacteria.
The mean prevalence of HBTM in bees from infected colonies was higher in control apiaries than CCD apiaries (8% vs. 1%, respectively; χ2 = 7.71, P = 0.01; Table 6).
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