A state of relative Gln deficiency has been postulated in humans based on the decrease in plasma Gln in acute critical illness, but the decrease in plasma Gln is not specific for that amino acid, predicts only poorer outcome, and has not been validated to identify a deficiency state.
Recently, a simple 7-item tool, also based on DSM-IV criteria, has been validated to identify probable cases of GAD: the GAD-7 scale [ 22].
APRI has been validated to identify significant hepatic fibrosis in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients [ 8] with a high degree of accuracy, but it has not been validated against liver biopsy in HIV-monoinfected patients.
This simple tool uses three items (age, weight and estrogen use) to gauge risk and has been validated to identify over 90% of women at increased risk of osteoporotic fracture while ensuring that less than 50%% of those with normal BMD are selected [ 37].
A Luminex technology-based multiplex urinary antigen detection (UAD) has been validated to identify 13 pneumococcal serotypes (serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A/C, 6B, 7 F/A, 9 V/A, 14, 18, 19A, 19 F, 23F, all present in the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine [PCV13] Prevenar 13®).
The model containing critical variables was validated to identify statistically significant linkages among perceived individual benefits, perceived social benefits, perceived value, perceived easiness to understand and acceptance intentions.
Currently, there are no means to predict response to treatment; however, methylation markers could be validated to identify those unlikely to respond to permit primary surgery.
The identified SNP markers will be validated to identify QTL regions through the ongoing research on yam at IITA, USDA-ARS and VSU.
Finally, the MMSE total score is validated to identify cognitive impairment; however, the domain scores have not been validated as standalone measures.
Mateos et al. used two separate criteria to identify high-risk SMM, one defined by Kyle et al. and another by Pèrez-Persona et al. This method was validated to identify patients who progress to active MM within almost 2 years after diagnosis.
Although no standard criteria have been validated to readily identify patients who are likely to benefit from CGA, 9 chronological age alone is unlikely to be an effective criterion given the biological heterogeneity of the population of older people.
