The BIA method has previously been validated in Swedish middle-aged and elderly adults [ 26].
However, only one instrument – the Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index (MFPDI) – has been validated in both middle-aged and older populations [ 11, 12].
Both brief and long depression screening instruments have been validated in low and middle income countries (LMIC), including within HIV care settings.
A number of brief (≤12 items) instruments including the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) [ 9, 10] and the Kessler-10 (K-10) [ 11] have been validated in low and middle income countries (LMIC).
None of these scales have been validated in low- or middle-income countries where disease patterns may differ from high-income countries, patients often present later in the course of their disease, and healthcare providers often lack specialty training.
The CIS-R has been validated in a number of high, middle and low income countries [ 83– 91] on a variety of populations and has been shown to be a unidimensional measure of common mental disorder [ 92].
The CBCL has been validated in 23 other societies some from low and middle-income countries such as Kosovo, Taiwan and Turkey, where it has shown good psychometric properties [ 6].
Second, the questionnaire was validated in a relatively middle aged population that had been in contact with community services for a mean of over 12 years but had not had experience of long stay hospital care.
We have shown that the common TCM syndromes presented in women with menopausal symptoms, Kidney-Yin Deficiency Syndrome (KDS-Yin) and Kidney-Yang Deficiency Syndrome (KDS-Yang) [ 14], can be validated in Hong Kong Chinese middle-aged women with menopausal symptoms [ 11].
I was validated in what I was experiencing.
