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This study employed multiple-item measurements that have been validated and determined as reliable.
The Foot Function Index (FFI) has been validated and determined to be a reliable instrument for patients with rheumatoid arthritis [ 14].
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To meet these changing clinical requirements, cognitive measures or tailored batteries of tests must be validated and determined to be fit-for-use for the discrimination between cognitively healthy individuals and persons who are experiencing very subtle cognitive changes that likely signal the emergence of early mild cognitive impairment.
The protocol was validated and determined to be suitable for practical use in monitoring and identifying GM rice.
The model was validated and Ais determined using a 3×3 factorial experimental design blocked for experimental day.
Therefore more nsSNPs need to be validated and frequencies determined across ethnically diverse populations.
The model may be validated and verified by determining the soil vehicle resistances on relevant terrain.
The model was validated and utilised to determine the optimal operating conditions for bench-scale batch lipid oil production.
In this study, two techniques were validated and used for determining the water distribution (hydration, vicinal, capillary and free water fractions): water sorption isotherms and thermo-gravimetic drying tests.
Each sensor was validated and characterized by determining the kinetic parameters of phosphorylation (Table 3 and Supplementary Figure 1, Supporting Information).
The specificity of the assay was validated and the sensitivity was determined to be 103 copies/μL for all target genes.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com