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Peptide inhibitors have also been used to downregulate translation e.g., BL22, an immunotoxin developed for the treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) [60], consists of the variable FV fragment of the RFB4 antibody conjugated to the anti-translation peptide PE38.
The effect of the gastrin siRNA is of a similar order of magnitude to that which has been described before when antibodies to gastrin peptides, receptor antagonists or antisense have been used to downregulate gastrin (Hoosein et al, 1988; Singh et al, 1996; Smith et al, 1996, 2004), and suggests that gastrin is only one of a number of factors contributing to survival of GI cancer cells.
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Transcription analysis confirmed that a terminator can be used to downregulate expression of argF and simultaneously improve the transcriptional level of genes in front of argF.
Multiple biochemical and genetic strategies were used to downregulate early response gene NF-κB, whose activation controls squamous cell cancer-associated pathways.
PTI is analogous to the first line of defense (innate immunity) in vertebrates, which is bypassed or disrupted by pathogen effector molecules that are used to downregulate PTI, making the cell vulnerable to pathogen attack (Nicaise et al. 2009).
By analysis of l-ornithine production, cell growth, and the relative transcription level of the genes involved in the l-ornithine synthesis pathway, we confirmed that terminators can be used to downregulate argF expression and to improve l-ornithine production.
Since there is 87% homology between mouse and human Grx1, the same shRNA sequence could be used to downregulate Grx1 expression in cells of both murine and human origin (Fig. S1).
RNA interference was used to downregulate the expression of Smurf2 in osteoblast cells.
On the other hand, the "CRISPRi" system (CRISPR interfering) can be used to downregulate gene expression.
Lentiviral vectors (pGIPZ) expressing shRNAs against ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3 (Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies) were used to downregulate the expression of these genes.
The FASN inhibitor C75 and small interfering RNA were used to downregulate FASN expression and/or activity.
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