Not all phenomena can be studied using standard experimental designs.
Explosion indices and explosion behaviour of Al dust/H2/air mixtures were studied using standard 20 l sphere.
However, cultural traits so transmitted can't be studied using standard evolutionary models: special cultural evolutionary models are required instead.
The synthesized Ru NPs exhibited good antibacterial performance against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, which was studied using standard disc diffusion method.
The reproduction of enchytraeids (Enchytraeus bigeminus) and predatory mites (Hypoaspis aculeifer) was studied using standard laboratory tests according to OECD guidelines 220 (2004) and 226 (2008).
So, the main properties of biodiesel such as the acid number, calorific value, viscosity, density, flash point, fire point, cloud point, pour point, ash content and carbon residue content (Karmakar et al. 2018) were studied using standard methods (Table 3).
The textural properties of synthesized product were studied using standard techniques of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA).
To showcase the scale independency of the unprecedented properties of the proposed nano-architected metamaterials, thermal and mechanical properties of their macroscopic counterparts are studied using standard mechanics multiscale homogenization.
The BS producing ability of the isolate P4 was studied using standard parameters, described earlier such as foaming test (Ferhat et al. 2011), drop collapsing test (Tugrul and Cansunar 2005), emulsification index (Deepak and Jayapradha 2015), BATH assay (Rosenberg 1984), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) agar test (Satpute et al. 2010).
