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Although it appears that there is a link between GC exposure and hypertension in RA, it has also been speculated that RA itself may predispose patients to an increased prevalence of hypertension [ 63].
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Moreover, on the observation that elevated inflammatory molecules are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in the general population, it has been speculated that RA-related inflammation might contribute to endothelial dysfunction [ 1].
Therefore, it is speculated that RA downregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling at E13.5 and E14.5, which in turn may also regulate Fgf and Shh signaling, thus contributing to altered palatal mesenchyme proliferation and apoptosis.
It has been speculated that genetic variants enhancing resistance to tuberculosis underwent positive selection and provide the genetic basis for RA susceptibility today [9].
It is speculated that in RA activated inflammatory cells such as macrophages in the synovial tissue are the source of HMGB1 [ 34- 36].
In addition to Wnt/β-catenin signaling, it was speculated that Ha-ras-dependent signaling participates in determining zonal differences in gene expression (Hailfinger et al. 2006).
We next examined the effects of ZSTK474 on OC formation induced by RANKL and TNF-α, since it was speculated that TNF-α enhanced OC formation in RA.
Since it has been demonstrated previously that MMP-1 and MMP-3 are associated with radiographic progression in early RA, it could be speculated that an association between A-SAA and MMPs might correlate with radiographic progression in early PsA – this warrants further research.
It was speculated that the findings reflected the existence of two types of RA patients with remarkably different TNF-α influence on the HPA axis [ 30].
Since increased peripheral Th2 cell activity has also been observed to correlate with increased disease activity in RA patients [ 11- 13], it can be speculated that circulating IL-7 or IL-7 produced in peripheral lymphoid organs [ 28] may contribute to this relatively enhanced peripheral Th2 activity in RA patients compared to healthy controls.
In addition, it can be speculated that the processes of destruction in earlier arthritis are distinct from those in late RA [ 40].
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