It has been shown that Src expression and activity decreases with bladder tumour stage (Fanning et al, 1992; Blaveri et al, 2005; Sanchez-Carbayo et al, 2006; Wu et al, 2009; Thomas et al, 2011), although a positive correlation has been shown with breast and prostate cancers (Elsberger et al, 2009; Tatarov et al, 2009).
The same results were shown with benign prostate tissue (Not shown).
In keeping with this notion, increased levels of CB2 have been shown in prostate cancer cells compared with normal prostate (Sarfaraz et al, 2008), and a correlation between CB2 expression and the histological grade of breast tumours has also been observed (Caffarel et al, 2006).
The role of lipid uptake is currently unclear but it is possible that the lipid may be utilised as an energy substrate to meet the needs of the accelerated cellular metabolism, known to be a feature of the metastasising malignant cell, and indeed it has been shown that prostate cancer cells interact with adipocytes.
Recently, a correlation of p62 expression with clinicopathologic parameters has been shown for prostate cancer and gastrointestinal carcinoma [ 52, 53].
It has been shown that prostate epithelial cells interact directly with the BME cells, initially via selectins and this interaction is then stabilised by integrin binding (Orr et al, 2000).
In tissue-based assays, thymosin β15 (Tβ15) has been shown to correlate with prostate cancer (CaP) malignancy and with future recurrence.
Constitutive Egr-1 expression has been shown to correlate with prostate and gastric tumour aggressiveness and metastasis (Thigpen et al, 1996; Kobayashi et al, 2002).
So far, the levels of specific histone modifications, such as H3K18Ac, H4K12Ac, H3K4Me2, and H4R3Me2, have been shown to correlate with prostate cancer tumor stage [ 110]; but without a reliable method to detect these modifications in biological fluids, progress has been slow.
And many researchers point out that the PSA prostate cancer screening test has not been shown to prevent prostate cancer deaths.
