Sheep have been shown to recognize and be calmed by photographs of other sheep, and even to remember faces of sheep and humans But the horse research takes such studies into new territory, if only because horses have already been shown to produce their own complex facial expressions that might reflect mood.
Antibodies isolated from HIV-1-infected donors, however, have been shown to recognize all major exposed regions of the prefusion-closed Env trimer, and an emerging understanding of the immunological and structural characteristics of these antibodies and the epitopes they recognize is enabling new approaches to vaccine design.
In particular, TLR2 has been shown to recognize a broad range of ligands.
This antibody has been shown to recognize active MEKK1 [23], [23].
More recently, NKT cells have been shown to recognize and respond to an endogenous lysosomal glycosphingolipid, isoglobotrihexosylceramide [20].
NOD2 has been shown to recognize lysozyme-digested PGN of S. aureus but not polymeric PGN [54].
The antibody against the calpain-cleaved a-syn utilized for this study has been shown to recognize both the free a-syn fragments as well as those complexed in oligomers [32].
This hypothesis is consistent with previous biological findings as KIR2DS1 has been shown to recognize peptide-HLA class I complexes that are up-regulated on EBV human infected B cells [27].
Since toll-like receptors have been shown to recognize a broad spectrum of microbial products as well as DAMPs [2], [3], we investigated their involvement in the reduction of skeletal muscle I/R injury provided by rhBCL2 or rhBCL2A1.
Furthermore, the antiserum has been shown to recognize recombinant UNC5A, UNC5B or UNC5C by Western blot, and was shown to detect a single band of 135 kDa on Western blots of rat spinal cord homogenates [38].
It should be noted, however, that CD68 is expressed in cell types other than macrophages, e.g. fibroblasts, although the antibody used in this study has been shown to recognize CD68 preferably in macrophages [49].
