Although high-dose MeHg poisoning has been shown to cause developmental disorders, evidence that more subtle low-level developmental exposure contributes to these disorders is limited.
NuRD-mediated gene regulation has been shown to facilitate developmental transitions in early mouse embryos, lineage commitment in ES cells and developmental decisions in haematopoietic and epithelial stem cells (Kaji et al, 2006, 2007; Kashiwagi et al, 2007; Yoshida et al, 2008).
Additionally, polycomb group (PcG) proteins have been shown to repress developmental genes in ES cells [29], and H3K4/27me3 bivalent chromatin configurations have been associated with developmentally repressed genes [30].
A likely human carcinogen, it has been shown to cause developmental damage in lab animals, and is toxic to — among many other organisms — tadpoles, salamanders, and honeybees.
Human HS5 is the ortholog of cHS4 and has been shown to have developmental stage specific, CTCF-mediated insulator activity in cell culture and in transgenic mice [38], [39].
Phthalate diesters have been shown to be developmental and reproductive toxicants in animal studies.
Heat shock factors have been shown to regulate developmental processes in animals (Pirkkala et al. 2001).
Roughness and stiffness of the surfaces have also been shown to affect developmental plasticity of cells.
Fluoride has been shown to have developmental neurotoxic effects [ 18, 19] and to be associated with impaired cognitive functioning in infants and children.
Research has consistently demonstrated the long-term impact of childhood psychiatric problems on later antisocial traits, especially conduct problems that have been shown to be developmental precursors of later antisocial behaviour and criminality [ 1- 8].
In mammals, PFOS has been shown to cause developmental, reproductive, neuroendocrine, and hepatic steatosis effects (Austin et al. 2003; Bijland et al. 2011; Thibodeaux et al. 2003).
