In the literature it was shown that pioglitazone decreased arterial stiffness in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 [ 64] and in obese glucose tolerant men [ 65].
In head-to-head comparison and meta-analysis of the available studies (28), it was shown that pioglitazone lowers triglycerides and increases HDL cholesterol, with a neutral effect on LDL cholesterol, while rosiglitazone treatment is associated with an increase in HDL as well as total and LDL cholesterol, with a neutral effect on triglycerides.
Given that pioglitazone has been shown to attenuate levels of cytokines that act through the CCR2 receptor, and several studies have shown that a deficiency in CCR2 signaling ameliorates the detrimental effects of influenza infection [24], [27], [28], we assessed whether blocking CCR2 signaling would lead to a better outcome in our smoke-exposed mice.
Reduction of carotid intima-media thickness has been shown with troglitazone (41), pioglitazone (42– 44), and rosiglitazone (45).
For example, pioglitazone has been shown to decrease fasting glucose and mean peak postprandial glucose levels in a manner that is closely correlated with its effects in decreasing hepatic triglycerides 12.
Pioglitazone has been shown as a significant enhancer of adiponectin [ 3, 4] and thus sitagliptin-dependent increase of adiponectin may be masked by pioglitazone.
34 However pioglitazone has been shown to suppress the induction of HIF-1.
Both rosiglitazone and pioglitazone have been shown to activate AMPK in intact cells [ 106, 107].
Compared to metformin, pioglitazone has been shown to reduce microalbuminuria in diabetic patients, alone or in combination with a SU.
