HspA has been reported to be inserted into membranes upon heat shock resulting in membrane stabilisation [20] and may play a role in the immediate stabilisation of membranes until membrane lipids can be modified via the action of desaturases.
Cytosolic accumulation of p53 has been reported to directly activate Bax to insert and oligomerize into the mitochondrial membrane, thus leading to the cascade of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and caspase-3 activation [ 29].
Zigzag inserts have been reported to be efficient for vibration attenuation.
This information was important prior to optimizing an in vitro BBB model with a particular cell line, since material and pore size of the filter membrane of the tissue culture inserts have been reported to strongly affect the adherence of cells and barrier tightness [ 31, 32].
However, the mechanism of cytotoxicity remains unclear, since Delta toxin was reported to not insert into cell membrane and to induce membrane lysis by an unknown process [6], [7].
Generally speaking, nsp3 and nsp4 are reported to be inserted into the ER membrane via their hydrophobic sequences [24], [25], while other nsps lacking hydrophobic sequences are believed to localize in the cytoplasm [2].
This previously described integration encompassed a 1006 bp regions of the AcNPV mutant vsk-1d1 that was reported to have spontaneously inserted into the PstI-1 region between ORFs 28 and 29 of the AcNPV genome after serial passage through T. ni and S. frugiperda cell lines [ 28, 51].
However, the ProSeal LMA is reported to be more difficult to insert than the Classic LMA, as its larger, softer cuff is prone to folding.
Many important plant species are reported to have their entire genomes inserted in a BAC-based system [ 19– 23], which remains the most commonly used large-insert cloning vector.
Notochordal cell-conditioned medium or co-culture of notochordal and adult NP cells has been found to stimulate matrix production by adult NP cells; in addition, notochordal cells are reported to retard disc degeneration when inserted into damaged rabbit discs [ 47- 50].
