The adult males of all three populations have been reported to produce barks in response to terrestrial predators, and playback experiments have shown that East African vervets frequently respond to conspecifics' alarm barks by climbing a tree, an appropriate leopard-avoidance behaviour (Seyfarth et al. 1980).
In addition other compounds having fungicidal property have also been reported to be present in bark and leaves [ 26- 28].
The bark has been reported to be useful in hard tumors, diarrhoea and gonorrhoea.
Mulberry root bark has been reported to have various active components such as mulberroside A, oxyresveratrol, mulberrofuran G, kuwanon C, kuwanon G, kuwanon H and morusin.
The oil extracted from Cz bark and leaves have been reported to possess fungicidal activity against fungi responsible for causing crown rot disease of banana.
The bark of the plant has been reported to possess antimicrobial and antiviral activity [ 35].
Acetone and aqueous bark extracts of this plant have been reported to be active against Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus warneri[ 4].
The aqueous stem-bark extract of Caesalpinia paraguariensis (Fabaceae) has been reported to inhibit hyaluronidase [ 35].
For instance, the recalcitrant residues from chemical transesterification have been reported to comprise 50 90% by weight of the starting periderm tissues for potatoes and birch bark.
However, the root barks of different species under the same genus, Zizyphus, have been reported to possess significant anti-inflammatory activity [ 17– 17].
