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Until very recently, only two small-scale tissue expression profiling studies have been undertaken in SpA, in synovial biopsies [ 6] and sacroiliac joint fluid [ 7], and no comprehensive genomic profiling study had been reported in joint tissue in SpA.
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An increase of uPA activity and expression of its receptor have been reported in joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Since oxygen and pH are fundamental components of chemical redox reactions [38] and redox imbalance is reported in joint disease the primary focus of this study was to determine how these external parameters affect the processes involved in cellular redox balance and whether these can be manipulated with exogenous compounds.
The long-term use of cement spacers have been reported in periprosthetic joint infections and diabetic feet [ 5, 6, 8– 11].
Elevated IL-1β secretion by innate immune cells has been reported in human joint inflammation, including RA and JIA (44).
In addition, we also detected elevated levels of IL-1 receptor antagonist and MIF, which to the best of our knowledge have not previously been reported in the joint during ZIA.
Favorable short- and medium-term outcomes for the treatment of focal cartilage defects and osteoarthritis have been reported in other joints, such as the knee (Bhatia et al. 2015).
Increased expression of IL-24 has been reported in affected joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in lesional skin of patients with psoriasis [15], [16], [17].
Capsular ankylosis and development of extraarticular osteophytes has been reported in AS joints in several studies [ 2, 3].
Intra-articular shifting (or migrating) BMES has also been reported in other joints of the lower limb.
Notably, higher levels of synovial fluid-derived MSCs have been reported in the knee joint of patients with degenerated cartilage and OA.
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