Vertebrates typically express four isoforms: cytosolic muscle type (M-CK), cytosolic brain type (B-CK), mitochondrial ubiquitous, acidic type (Miu-CK), and mitochondrial sarcomeric, basic type (Mis-CK) and three M-CK sub-isoforms (M1-CK, M2-CK, and M3-CK) have been reported for common carp [ 36], and were confirmed proteomically [ 37].
Maximum and minimum BCFs at two different exposure concentrations are reported for the standard test species, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Maternal transmission of C3 has also been reported in carp [15] and spotted wollfish [16].
Low numbers of granulocytes have also been reported in carp GALT (8).
Vacuolisation has been reported in isolated hepatocytes from the common carp (Li et al. 2001) after oral exposure to MCYSTs.
Even though grass carps could live in both fresh and brackish waters, possible PZQ pharmacokinetic differences between freshwater-acclimated grass carps and brackish water grass carps have never been reported.
If the same is true for macrophages of carp the increased luminol-dependent chemiluminescence in ZEN-treated fish may be due to the response of granulocytes which have been found to be increased in blood circulation in carp fed the medium and the high ZEN diet while monocyte numbers have been reported to be decreased by these treatments [ 3].
The 96 h LC50 lambda-cyhalothrin value for carp was reported at 0.5 μg L−1 [ 23], and the 96 h LC50 lambda-cyhalothrin value for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was 2.901 μg L−1 [ 24].
In 1998, the first mass deaths of common and koi carp were reported in Israel and the United States (3).
For example, vasotocin and melatonin are reported to regulate oocyte maturation in catfish [ 103] and carp [ 104], whereas vasotocin and catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) are shown to modulate ovarian steroidogenesis in catfish in a biphasic manner [ 103, 105].
