All four species have been reported as malaria vectors in hilly forested areas of the country while only An. philippinensis appears to be a vector for malaria in the lowlands or plain portion of Bangladesh [ 3].
A. cajennenses has not been reported as a vector for Lyme disease.
Transmission occurs through contact or inhalation of contaminated fluids, although fleas have recently been reported as a vector for transmission [ 3].
In this region Anopheles dirus, Anopheles minimus, and a diverse fauna of other anopheline species have been reported as main malaria vectors [16], [17].
In this chapter, we highlight the basic overview of injectable polymeric gene carriers that have been reported as safe and successful vectors, their formulations and in vivo success thereof.
Recently, the application of silica nanoparticles has been reported as a non-viral vector for efficient in vivo gene delivery.
Human Ab responses to the saliva of various vectors, e.g. Triatoma (Chagas' disease) [20], Ixodes ticks (Borrelia) [21], [22], phlebotomes (Leishmania) [23], [24] and Glossina (African trypanosomiasis) [25] have been reported as reliable immunological markers for vector exposure.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis has been reported in Northwest and Northeast Mali and P. duboscqi was reported as the suspected vector [ 11].
Recently, cationic polymeric micelles, prepared from amphiphilic cationic graft or block polymers, were reported as alternative gene delivery vectors [22 31].
As the retrograde flow has always been reported to be directed centripetally, all vectors that pointed within ±45° were discarded.
melas, were locally caught in the study area and had been reported to participate to malaria transmission as secondary vectors [44].
