However, prolonged lactation, multiple pregnancies, the combined oral contraceptive, smoking and exercise are reported as protective factors [ 20].
Injuries were reported as well.
Indeed, this latter variable has been reported as a protective factor in recent studies in patients with chronic conditions [16], [17].
Indeed, increased CgA levels, in concert with high circulating TNF-receptor levels, have been reported as a protective factor against TNF-induced vascular damage (Ferrero et al, 2004), as well as an independent poor-prognosis indicator (Gregorc et al, 2007).
On the contrary, higher family cohesion has been reported as a protective factor against future suicide attempt [ 26] as well as having positive relationships with a parent [ 30, 31].
Diaphragm pacing was successfully tested as a preventive strategy in ventilated sheep [ 34], and intermittent spontaneous breathing has been reported as a protective strategy in a rat model [ 35].
Furthermore, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane has been reported as a protective mechanism to avoid excessive ROS formation in the mitochondria in mammals [ 34, 35], although such causal relationship has not been confirmed in fish yet.
Similarly, the decrease of apoptosis has been reported as a biological protective mechanism triggered by IP.
Having a good relationship with parents has been reported as being a protective factor against suicidal behaviour and suicide in adolescents [ 14], but research in this area is sparse.
But until now p53 is the only gene to have been reported as being involved in this protective mechanism [ 8].
