Other than in dementia of the Alzheimer type in which many of the identified susceptibility genes and even of loci identified in GWA studies have been replicated by multiple studies with large sample sizes (Paulson and Igo, 2011), the genetic architecture of vascular dementia and its subtypes is less well explored.
Two additional genes, NALP1 (now NLRP1; NLR family, pyrin domain containing 1) and XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1), were first mapped by unbiased genome-wide linkage analyses and subsequently were identified by positionally targeted genetic association studies [ 7, 8]; both of these genes have subsequently been replicated by multiple studies [ 3, 6].
Indeed, many early studies showing putative effects of SNPs on HD AO have not been replicated by larger studies, suggesting that most of the initial reports, often on small patient cohorts, are false positives (33, 34).
These results have been replicated by independent studies and refined in meta-analyses.
The class II-independent association of HLA-A and HLA-B has been replicated by recent studies [13] [15].
To date, this finding has been replicated by many studies in ethnically diverse autistic groups [ 7- 15].
Occupational studies using job exposure matrices (JEMs) have reported some associations with prostate cancer risk, but these have not consistently been replicated by other studies [ 16].
Toxicologic studies have linked different size ranges and constituents of PM with various health responses, but few of these results have been replicated by epidemiologic studies examining exposures at ambient concentrations (Schlesinger et al. 2006).
Research published in 2002 suggested it could take longer to achieve pregnancy with a sperm concentration of less than 55 million/mL, but this threshold has not been established as a clinical indicator, nor has it been replicated by other studies.
This result has been replicated by numerous other studies, and while constant monitoring is laudable, the evidence to date certainly doesn't support the hypothesis that cell phone usage results in increased cancer risk.
