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Recently, lower circulating levels of 25(OH D and vitamin D binding protein have been observed in critically ill patients compared to healthy controls [ 70].
Impaired adrenal hormone synthesis has also been observed in critically ill patients and is probably a common complication in severe sepsis [ 42, 43].
D-lactate is normally present at nanomolar concentrations through the metabolism of methylglyoxal, although millimolar concentrations can be observed through excess gastrointestinal metabolism and elevated levels of D-lactate have been observed in critically ill patients with intestinal ischaemia [ 26].
Indeed, reduced expression of MHC class II on monocytes has been observed in critically ill patients with cirrhosis [ 20, 21] and in those with acute-on-chronic liver failure [ 22] and correlates with increased mortality.
Low levels of plasma selenium have been observed in critically ill patients and are associated with increased markers of oxidative stress, worse organ failure, and higher mortality rates [ 2].
A satisfactory agreement between this non-invasive method and thermodilution had been observed in critically ill patients under mechanical ventilation, and reproducibility is comparable to reference techniques [ 14, 15].
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These findings are made more relevant by the observation that TSP-1 expression can be observed in critically ill patients with severe sepsis [11].
Delirium frequently is observed in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated strongly with a poor outcome.
Considerable pharmacokinetic (PK) variability is observed in critically ill patients.
Rapid bone demineralization, associated with an increase in fracture risk, was observed in critically ill patients with ARDS.
Generally higher oxidative burst activities of unstimulated PMN could be observed in critically patients as compared with healthy volunteers.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com