In 1967, actual atmospheric sample analyses made by Soviet and United States space capsules that visited Venus confirmed Dr. Dunham's earlier discovery, which was made using optical methods from Earth.
Microstructural observations were made using optical and scanning electron microscopy to determine whether the physical appearance of the ASBs changes or not during the post-impact annealing.
Single-shot measurements of temperature and the concentrations of molecular hydrogen (H2), the pollutant nitric oxide (NO), atomic oxygen (O), atomic hydrogen (H), and the hydroxyl radical (OH) were made using optical techniques such as coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, degenerate four-wave mixing, and planar laser-induced fluorescence.
Measurements have been made using a polarized optical microscope equipped with hot stages to investigate the transcrystallization of polypropylene on carbon fibres.
Since its last revision, significant measurements of the LEO environment have been made using radar and optical sensors (e.g. the Haystack and Haystack Auxiliary Radars and the Liquid Mirror Telescope) and returned surfaces (the Space Shuttle, the Hubble Space Telescope solar arrays, and the European Retrievable Carrier).
In this context, the produced bio-sensor which can be made using the optical waveguide configurations, is providing a cost-effective method for sensing materials such as DNAs.
The unbiased stereological estimation of the total number of TH+ cells in SN was made using the optical fractionator as previously described [41].
The standard curve was made using the optical densities of known peptide concentrations, and it was used to measure the amount of target peptide in different plant lines.
As part of an epidemiologic study of inner-city children with asthma, continuous (10-min average) measurements of particle concentrations were made for 2-week periods in 294 homes drawn from seven cities. Measurements were made using an optical scattering device that is most sensitive to fine particles.
We therefore used the SMI32 staining pattern to identify the boundaries between the different regions of the EG. Estimates of the number of fibres in each region were made using the optical fractionator (Stereo Investigator software) by scanning every second or third AChE section using a square grid (0.09 mm), oriented randomly, with a square counting frame of 400 μm.
