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The presence of Z-DNA binding domains in some sponge ADARs indicates an ancestral ADAR included this domain and it has been lost in multiple animal lineages.
Even within angiosperms, where gene content is largely stable in photosynthetic representatives, some genes have been lost in multiple instances (reviewed recently in [ 31]).
It is doubtful that these families are ancestral to all land plants, as they would have to have been lost in multiple independent lineages.
Assuming SelB was present in the LCA of archaea as previously suggested [ 11], classical aSelB must also have been lost in multiple lineages, as it is only found in Methanococcales and Methanopyrus.
The parsimony approach is obviously oversimplified given that all lineage-specific introns are automatically treated as newly gained, with the possibility that some of these introns could be ancestral, having been lost in multiple lines of descent.
Both of these pieces of data would tend to suggest that a significant number of duplicate pairs may have independently been lost in multiple lineages following the major grass lineage radiation.
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5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is lost in multiple human cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC).
However, it was lost in multiple lineages, such as all extant land plants, Amoebozoa and fungi.
In fact, it has been reported that MEG3 expression is lost in multiple cancer cell lines of various tissue origins and it inhibits tumor cell proliferation in vitro.
In addition, we demonstrate that MEG3 expression is lost in multiple NSCLC cell lines compared to a normal human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE).
Many of these gene duplicates diversified and persisted throughout the course of eukaryote evolution whereas numerous other genes were lost in multiple lineages 46, 47.
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