Distorter loci affecting the transmission of closely linked markers are commonly present in mapping populations and can be linked to pre- or post-zygotic mechanisms, including pollen tube competition (Mangelsdorf and Jones 1926), pollen lethals (Rick 1966), preferential fertilization (Gadish and Zamir 1987), and selective elimination of zygotes (Rick 1963).
Higher response rates for online surveys have been linked to pre-notification, personalised contacts and follow up reminders [ 77].
Exposure to particulate matter has also be shown to increase oxidative stress [ 28] which has been linked to pre-term birth [ 29].
Finally, poor SQ has been linked to pre-RTx impaired health status [ 14, 15], with post-RTx health status improving alongside SQ [ 13, 16].
Dissatisfaction has been linked to pre-surgical pain [ 16], poorer mental health [ 13, 15], poorer outcomes [ 10, 14], complications requiring admission [ 16], and unmet expectations [ 7, 9, 16, 17], but results are inconclusive; many studies showed that pre-surgery variables have a minimal influence on post-surgery satisfaction [ 10, 18, 19].
Whereas nutritional deficiencies of vitamin C, 11 vitamin D, 12 folic acid 13 and selenium 14 have all been linked to pre-eclampsia there is little data to show the importance of pre-pregnancy status, where intervention might be expected to have its greatest impact.
This precariousness is only being increased by the rising prominence of a radical Maoist faction, which rejects Nepal's 2006 peace agreement and was linked to pre-election uncertainty, strikes, and haphazard violence.
Often violations of children's rights are linked to pre-existing social, economic and cultural conditions.
Whereas in mammalian cells, NMD is linked to pre-mRNA splicing, exon boundaries are not used to define PTCs in other organisms, including S. cerevisiae [ 31], S. pombe [ 32, 33], Drosophila [ 34] and C. elegans [ 6].
In some cases, such adverse reactions to some biopharmaceuticals could be linked to pre-existing antibodies (IgA, IgM, IgG, or IgE) that recognise nonhuman epitopes present in the product, such as nonhuman glycoepitopes.
This increased vulnerability has been linked to both pre-migration experiences, in particular exposure to war trauma [ 7, 8], and post-migration conditions and stressors refugees often face in a new country, including separation from family, difficulties with asylum procedure or even detention, unemployment, inadequate housing, and issues related to acculturation [ 9, 10].
