The fact that maternal genotype is linked to offspring genotype may constitute a violation to this assumption.
Parents who participated in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT 2; 1995–1997) were linked to offspring data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (1997 2005).
Maternal ferritin was linked to offspring diastolic BP, WC, and BMI in univariable, but not in multivariable OLS analysis.
In univariable analysis, maternal ferritin was linked to offspring's DBP (0.1 mmHg for every 10 μg/L increase in maternal ferritin, 95% CI: 0.03 0.3, P = 0.02), offspring WC (0.2 cm for every 10 μg/L increase in maternal ferritin, 95% CI: 0.06 0.3, P = 0.006), and offspring's BMI (0.05 kg/m for every 10 μg/L increase in maternal ferritin, 95% CI: 0.002 0.1, P = 0.04).
Smoking is one such factor, because smoking during pregnancy has been linked to high BMI among offspring in many studies, 42 43 an association that strengthens with age.
Chronic low-grade inflammation in the mother has been linked to insulin resistance in the offspring.
Interestingly, paternal nutrition has also been linked to adverse health outcomes in offspring in animal models, e.g., paternal obesity can lead to disrupted insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in offspring.
Older paternal age has been linked to autism in a man's offspring, but now researchers have found that the older a man is when his child is born, the greater the risk for autism in his grandchild.
These genes, however have not been linked to congenital heart defects in diabetic offspring.
Maternal folic acid intake during pregnancy has also been linked to the 11p15 methylation status in offspring [ 11, 36].
