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We hence aimed to find such susceptibility variants through a candidate-gene approach screening a selected number of variants within two cellular pathways that have consistently been linked to CRC tumorogenesis: the Wnt and the BMP signaling pathways [16], [17].
We also included rs4444235 and rs9929218, which did not fulfill our selection criteria but belonged to two genes in the BMP pathway and had consistently been linked to CRC in previous studies.
Aberrant acetylation of histones has been linked to CRC pathogenesis (reviewed in [ 19]).
More recently, variations in immune cell populations and changes in the gut microbiome have been linked to CRC induction and progression [ 3, 14- 20].
Lox, a matrix-modifying enzyme, has been linked to CRC progression, in particular to invasion and metastasis (Kagan and Trackman, 1991; Baker et al, 2011).
For example, RXRA/ RARA, the ligand dependent TFs, have not been directly associated with CRC, but have been found to be associated in the network with PPAR s, which in turn has been linked to CRC.
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Similarly sporadic evidence supports the notion that PPARD and PPAR-δ are linked to CRC [ 75, 76].
Results showed that 67 of the 784 identified proteins were linked to CRC (28 upregulated and 39 downregulated).
How exactly DPEP1 expression is linked to CRC progression mechanistically remains to be evaluated in future studies, for example, in in vivo models.
Two other independent linkage studies have also pointed out a region on chromosome 3q21 q24 to be linked to CRC susceptibility (Picelli et al, 2008; Middeldorp et al, 2010).
Conversely, specific sources of dietary protein have been linked to increased CRC risk [ 5] and animal studies have indicated that different dietary proteins can induce DNA damage in the rats' colon [ 6].
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