Most classical reference genes (see above) have been introduced for normalization purposes when mRNA expression was assessed by methods such as Northern blotting and conventional endpoint reverse transcriptase PCR because of their high expression levels in all cells.
Pentapeptides containing cyclic RGD (cRGDs) are optimized synthetic ligands that have a high affinity and selectivity for αVβ3 integrin [ 13], and a series of radiolabeled cRGD-containing peptides have been introduced for the noninvasive imaging of αVβ3 integrin expression [ 14, 15].
No cutoffs were introduced for bcl2 expression.
In Stegle et al. (2010) a Gaussian process (GP) based on two conditions test (GP2S) was introduced for detecting differential expression between two conditions.
These genes were introduced for normalization when mRNA expression was assessed using semi-quantitative methods, such as Northern blotting and RNase protection, because of their relatively high abundance in numerous cell-types [ 1, 4].
or, more compactly (the compact expression is introduced for notation simplicity whereas the matrix form is utilized to understand the physical meaning), (20).
If the fracture conductivity is higher than the matrix one (fractures saturated with water of the same or higher conductivity), the first-order expression is introduced for the effective conductivity tensor.
Self-cleavable 2A peptides were introduced for optimal TCR and CD3 expression, as previously described.
The beta-mixture model approach is adapted from Ji et al. (2005), where the technique was introduced for identifying correlation of gene expression between different experiments.
Moreover, from signal processing theory [ 5, 14- 16], a phase-shift metric is introduced for measuring time delay of gene expression within pairwise candidates.
