Equally because the survivor function is a representation of the cumulative hazard, the time course of the hazard is integrated out, and it is hard to glean information about the hazard time course.
In some specific situations, these chain orientational degrees of freedom can be integrated out, and the quasi-static approximation is valid.
We estimated our models with collapsed Gibbs sampling [ 18], where some of the parameters are integrated out and latent variables are sampled.
Since k is not observed, it must be integrated out of (4).
Because the home range centre for each individual is unobserved, it must be integrated out of the process.
As was discussed in Section 2, the SNP parameters are treated as nuisance parameters and are integrated out of the analysis, for computing the pathway effects.
The AnimA model was also analyzed with a Metropolis-Hastings random walk algorithm to estimate genetic variance, where breeding values were integrated out of the likelihood.
Furthermore, the probability, P ik, that respondent k responded to item i in the category 'can' is as in equation 1, or, where appropriate, as in equation 2 or 4. In the estimation process, the values of θ k or θ km were assumed to follow a Normal distribution with mean equal to 0 and unknown variance, σ, and were integrated out of the likelihood to obtain the marginal likelihood.
The structural model parameters are integrated out such that the (marginal) posterior of the latent variable only depends on the response pattern.
In the H-step, the random effects are integrated out.
