Furthermore, abnormal levels of both relaxin and hCG have been implicated with gastrointestinal motility and gastric dysrhythmias, which are factors suggested to contribute to NVP [ 1, 4, 13, 44, 51], although with an absence of biomarker data in this study these associations are speculative.
In contrast, excessive intake of selenium in humans has been associated with adverse skin, tooth, nail, hair, gastrointestinal, or neurological effects [ 103]; it has also been implicated with diabetes, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and skin cancer [ 138– 138].
Decreased GST enzyme activity in the gastrointestinal track is implicated with a raised tumor incidence [ 2].
Inorganic arsenic, a known human carcinogen, has also been implicated in gastrointestinal, dermatologic, neurologic, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects in humans.
The condition is also referred to as an "irritable esophagus". Visceral hypersensitivity has also been implicated in functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders other than that of the esophagus, for example, functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
The clinical effect may be mediated through mast cells which have been implicated in functional gastrointestinal disorders and which contain cysteinyl-leukotriene receptors.
Mast cells have been implicated in various conditions where gastrointestinal motility is altered [18].
Despite this, there is no evidence in the literature that CHIA has previously been implicated in increased resistance or susceptibility to gastrointestinal parasites in ungulates.
Gastrointestinal inflammation has been implicated in the development of acute laminitis but has not previously been associated with chronic laminitis.
Dopamine has also been implicated in migraine pathophysiology, especially with regard to premonitory symptoms such as yawning, food cravings, and gastrointestinal disturbances [14].
Activating c-KIT mutations have been implicated in a variety of cancers [30] starting with GIST (Gastrointestinal stromal tumors) and CML (Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia).
