Androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) has been implicated in resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide treatment in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).
P-gps have also been implicated in resistance to multiple insecticides and acaricides50.
Activation of the HER3/PI3K/Akt pathway in breast tumors has often been implicated in resistance to HER2-targeted therapies.
Solute carrier family 11 alsoSlc11a1; also known as NRAMP1) has been implicated in resistance to tuberculosis in humans, and possibly cattle [27], [28], [29].
These keratins have been implicated in resistance against death receptor mediated apoptosis [25], [26], [27] and stress, possibly through the titration of phospho-protein signaling molecules [26], [28].
ArsR family transcriptional regulators are often responsive to metal ions, and like MerR regulators, have been implicated in resistance against environmental stresses [64].
More recently, MET amplification and activation via HGF/SF has also been implicated in resistance to EGFR inhibition in lung cancer [31], [34].
D6S2883 is in strong linkage with the MHC class II gene HLA-DRB1 [67], and heterozygosity at HLA-DRB1 has been implicated in resistance to both viral and parasite infections in humans [26], [27], [29].
The exopolysaccharide capsule is important in resistance to phagocytosis and/or complement-mediated lysis of K. pneumoniae [25], [26], while the O-Ag of LPS has been implicated in resistance to complement-mediated lysis [27], [28].
R genes have been implicated in resistances against diverse and taxonomically unrelated pathogens including bacteria, viruses, nematodes, insects, filamentous fungi and oomycetes.
Other mutations can still be implicated in resistance however, as described in LNZ-resistant Enterococci, Staphylococci and S. pneumoniae [ 21, 22, 26, 29, 36].
