Large-scale climatic variability has been implicated in the population dynamics of many vertebrates throughout the Northern Hemisphere, but has not been demonstrated to directly influence dynamics at multiple trophic levels of any single system.
Such small but strongly vicariant features have been implicated in separating populations in groups such as Blarina brevicauda (Northern Short-tailed Shrew), Eumeces fasciatus (Five-lined Skink), and Elaphe obsoleta (Eastern Ratsnake; Figure 1C), and may explain some discordance in results between ENM and phylogeographic prediction.
Domestic carnivores have been implicated in wild carnivore population declines, particularly in Africa, as a consequence of disease transmission, especially involving the canine distemper virus.
It is quite possible that multifactorial influences are important, and environmental modulators of the androgen/estrogen pathway (e.g. pesticides) have been implicated in the potential population increase in this condition (15).
B. dendrobatidis, known among herpetologists as the amphibian chytrid or simply Bd, has been implicated in the extinction or population decline of many amphibians around the world.
Phenotypic robustness has been implicated in shaping short-term population adaptation or long-term organism evolution (Fraser and Kaern 2009; Masel and Siegal 2009).
Villous cytotrophoblast and HTR8/SVneo cells have interestingly also been implicated in producing a "side population" that either demonstrates long-term repopulating properties or expresses classical hESC markers [ 12, 13].
There are already some indications that this is the case for some species, as climatic changes have been implicated in affecting the local population density and distribution of the two vascular plant species (Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis) that occur along the Antarctic Peninsula.
Recently, GM-CSF has been implicated in the development of a population of CD103+ DCs (King et al, 2010).
Extensive geographic variation in acoustic signals is common, and the role of both phenotypic plasticity [ 40, 41] and sexually mediated selection have been implicated in promoting the evolution of population divergence [ 32, 34].
