In fungi, several CYPs have been implicated in pathogen virulence because they neutralize antifungal compounds produced by hosts [ 5- 7].
WRKY-type transcription factors have previously been implicated in pathogen response pathways in grapes [ 46, 47], and given that berries are most likely to suffer from fungal attack during late ripening stages, the highly regulated expression patterns reported here could be a further indication that some WRKY-type transcription factors are activated in response to biotic stress.
These proteins are implicated in pathogen recognition, particularly recognition of pathogen-related lipids and involved in innate immunity and lipid metabolism [ 20].
It might be tempting to speculate that positively selected MLO residues located in the first extracellular loop or in the intracellular C-terminus might also be implicated in pathogen sensing.
Non-host resistance is the outcome of a heterogeneous set of genes, and the proteins they specify, that are implicated in pathogen accessibility/inaccessibility (i.e. lipase-like EDS1, synthaxin-like PEN1, etc)., cytoskeletal rearrangements and protein turnover (i.e. SGT1), PAMP-triggered responses, and synthesis of toxic metabolites [ 30- 32].
Such dispensable chromosomes have been implicated in pathogenicity of several plant pathogens, such as in Alternaria spp. where they encode biosynthetic genes for host-selective toxins that determine the ability to infect particular plant hosts [ 27, 28].
Both D. melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae (AgDscam) also express Dscam in hemocytes, where isoform diversity has been implicated in opsonizing invading pathogens (Watson et al., 2005; Dong et al., 2006).
Caveolae have been implicated in several cases of pathogen entry, notably SV40 (Pelkmans et al., 2001) and intracellular protists may also use caveolae to contribute towards phagocytosis.
This gene belongs to the tripartite motif (TRIM) gene family, of which several members in addition to TRIM5 have been implicated in immune responses to pathogens [9].
Some lectin receptor-like kinases have been implicated in rice resistance to pathogens and herbivores [ 46, 47].
Glucanases have also been implicated in plant resistance to pathogens, and beta-1, 3-glucanases comprise part of the PR-2 group of pathogenesis-related genes [ 35].
