Interestingly, all these genes are implicated in modification of Shigella lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an important pro-inflammatory mediator [ 95- 99].
Several Rho GTPases have been implicated in the modification of cytoskeletal structure during late phase LTP, notably RhoA, Rac and Cdc42 [20], [20].
An intimate connection between cuticular proteins and response to shortening day lengths in the pea aphid has been implicated in the modification of neurotransmitters involved in photoperiodic signaling [36].
The XET enzymes have also been implicated in wall modification by way of hetero-transglycosylation [ 45- 48].
Nevertheless, some of these plant JmjC proteins have already been implicated in chromatin modification.
In addition to catalyzing formation and the consumption of ROS, peroxidases have been implicated in the modification of plant cell wall structures [ 17].
LARGE, FKTN, and FKRP have been extensively studied since the late 1990s, while B3GNT1, HNK-1ST, SLC35A1, and TMEM5 have only recently been implicated in the modification of α-DG.
Thirdly, laminin-binding of α-DG requires phosphorylation of O-linked mannose, and LARGE, fukutin and FKRP have all been implicated in the modification pathway that assembles the laminin-binding moiety on this phosphorylated O-mannosyl glycan (Yoshida-Moriguchi et al. 2010).
In humans, three EGLN homologues have been implicated in HIF-α modification: PHD1/EGLN2/HIFPH1, PHD2/EGLN1/HIFPH2 and PHD3/EGLN3/HIFPH3 (Bruick & McKnight 2001, Epstein et al. 2001).
Itch is a member of the HECT domain-containing E3 Ub ligases and has been implicated in the post-translational modification with Ub of CXCR4, followed by desensitization at the cell surface by engagement to its cognate ligand SDF-1α [70].
