Seagrass leaves are often densely covered by epiphytic algae which can suppress seagrass productivity and has been implicated in declines of seagrass meadows worldwide.
Furthermore, parasites have been implicated in declines of natural and commercial pollinators, such as bumblebees, worldwide [ 25, 46, 47], and thus knowledge of genes and pathways involved in immunity and parasite defence is highly important.
While tamoxifen has been implicated in decline in cognitive function (Paganini-Hill and Clark, 2000), these data do not come from double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trials, and so the issue remains controversial.
Reduced availability of NO, important for angiogenesis and maintenance of endothelial integrity, together with increased generation of O2−*, a marker of inflammation and mediator of atherosclerosis, are implicated in decline of vascular function in diabetes [4] [7].
Advancing age is associated with reductions in nitric oxide bioavailability and changes in metabolic activity, which are implicated in declines in motor and cognitive function.
In a study of older rats, van Praag et al. 2005 [ 75] found that those that exercised on a running wheel showed a reversal in declines of neurogenesis (decline in neurogenesis has been implicated in cognitive decline).
Introduction of invasive species has been implicated in the decline of many native species.
Forest fragmentation by management activities has been implicated in the decline of forest biodiversity.
Oxidative stress has been implicated in cognitive decline as seen during normal aging and in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD).
High soil aluminum and low soil calcium concentrations resulting from acid deposition have been implicated in this decline.
