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PGE2 is a metabolite of COX-2 and an important downstream target of PGE2 is the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway that has also been implicated in colon carcinogenesis [30].
The Casein kinase 1 delta (CSNK1D) has been implicated in colon, pancreatic and breast cancer and reduced CSNK1D activity impairs mammary tumorigenesis in vivo [ 49, 50].
Recently, in mice Csnk1a1 or CKIα expression has been implicated in colon cancer invasiveness and cell transformation in the gut [ 3].
These molecular pathways have been implicated in colon cancer development and progression (Khandwala et al, 2000; Wactawski-Wende et al, 2006).
It thus plays an important role in conditions such as Parkinson's disease, eating disorders, psychosis, drug addiction, pain and has also been implicated in colon cancer.
Lee et al.[ 31] observed hypermethylated genes, including MGMT, in early stages of colorectal adenoma, and MGMT promoter methylation has been implicated in colon cancer progression (in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence) [ 31, 32].
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Cdc42 was also found to interact directly with both full-length APC and a truncation mutant APC1 1638, which is implicated in colon cancer.
Assays targeting CpG islands of LINE-1, MLH1 and MGMT were chosen since aberrant methylation of this retro-transposon and these genes is implicated in colon cancers.
Both polymorphisms have been found to be implicated in colon cancer risk and the response to 5-FU chemotherapy, since MTHFR is implicated in the FU metabolism (Fernández-Peralta et al., 2010, Delgado-Plasencia et al., 2013).
ERs are overexpressed in around 70% of breast cancer cases [51] and have also been implicated in ovarian, colon and prostate cancers.
Field cancerisation has been implicated in the lung, colon, cervix, bladder, skin, and breast cancers (Heaphy et al, 2006).
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been implicated in insulin
been documented in colon
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been implicated in cholesterol
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