LPS has recently been implicated in accelerated metastatic tumour growth after surgery.
Furthermore, PPIs have been implicated in accelerated bone loss [ 19, 20].
In addition to musculoskeletal symptoms, vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in accelerated bone loss in women with breast cancer receiving aromatase inhibitors therapy.
Although glucocorticoid exposure during very early development is generally associated with poor growth, we predicted that cortisol concentrations in milk would be positively associated with infant growth, as increased maternal glucocorticoids have been implicated in accelerated offspring growth rates (Dantzer et al. 2013).
Although ozone induces exacerbations of asthma and COPD, and has also been implicated in accelerating cardiovascular disease, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms are poorly described.
Classic CV risk factors, including DM, hyperlipidemia, elevated BMI and smoking, had been implicated in accelerating arterial stiffness.
In addition to smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus may be implicated in accelerated atherosclerosis [ 36- 38, 44].
Other factors that have been implicated in the accelerated growth of obese children include increased adrenal androgens and insulin-like growth factor (IGF -1.
Notably, loss of telomerase activity diminishes the plasticity and proliferative capacity of stem cell populations (Batista et al., 2011), and has been implicated in syndromes of accelerated aging (Armanios, 2012).
Fractalkine/CX3CL1 has also been implicated in the development of accelerated atherosclerosis [ 18], a topic discussed later.
In RA, age, gender, ethnicity, traditional risk factors described above as well as (among RA-related risk factors) disease duration, activity, and severity, functional impairment, rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP status, CRP, radiographic indicators, presence of the shared epitope, and treatment modalities have been implicated in the development of accelerated atherosclerosis [ 36- 38, 44].
