CCR2 and CX3CR1 have been implicated as disease modifiers in EAE, a model for the inflammatory aspects of multiple sclerosis.
Although several risk factors (folate intake, hormone therapy use, BMI) have been implicated as potential modifiers of the alcohol/breast cancer association [ 22, 28- 30], these findings have not been consistently observed and were not significant modifiers in our study (Table 4).
Since the discovery of PRSS1 mutations as a cause of HCP, other loci have been implicated as genetic modifiers of both HCP and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis (ICP), most notably those encoding cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1), and chymotrypsin C (CTRC).
Interestingly, the MEN1 protein product menin has recently been implicated as an epigenetic modifier of Axin2, a component within the Wnt pathway as well as an APC-associated protein [8].
A polymorphism in ER mannosidase I, an enzyme involved in the ERAD pathway, has recently been implicated as a genetic modifier predisposing to infantile disease (Pan et al., 2009).
Neither the myofilament nor non-myofilament fractions of the tissue homogenate demonstrated differential AGE accumulation due to HG. Lysine acetylation, which has been implicated as a significant modifier of myosin and myofilament function [ 45], was not apparent in myosin or in any of the major myofilament proteins.
These clouds have been implicated as possible harbingers of permanent changes in the upper atmosphere.
Previous trauma or surgery has been implicated as predisposing factors.
Sugary beverages have been implicated as contributors to childhood obesity.
In the case of Usher syndrome, PDZD7 is implicated as a retinal disease modifier, and a contributor to digenic disease in combination with mutations in USH2A and GPR98 [11] and also DFNB31 [12].
