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Bacteria have been implicated as etiological agents of both diseases [ 48, 49].
Alcohol use and abuse have been implicated as etiological factors in the genesis of an increasing number of cancer types in both men and women.
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Inflammation has been implicated as an etiological factor in different human cancers.
Inflammation has been implicated as an etiological factor in several human cancers, including prostate cancer.
Alcoholic fruit-flavored drinks (alcopops) are also commonly drunk by young adults and have been implicated as an etiological factor in dental erosion [ 28].
Rotavirus has also been implicated as an etiological agent of diarrhea in older children, adult human, young and adult animals, including calves and piglets.
Considering oncogenic role of HPVs [ 38] and their co-operative interaction with AP-1 signaling [ 10, 13], infection with HPV has been implicated as a possible etiological factor in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
Additionally, several studies have found an increased rate of HPV infection in women with other genital infections [ 12, 13], which have been implicated as a major etiological factor in the pathogenesis of PROM [ 14].
Homeostasis of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory response in brain is shifted towards a proinflammatory state with age, so neuroinflammation has been implicated as an important etiological factor in several aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease [ 1– 3].
Previous trauma or surgery has been implicated as predisposing factors.
Multiple etiological factors have been implicated including ageing, obesity, pregnancy, and childbirth, as well as genetic factors and menopause [ 1, 5– 7].
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